Multi-sensor Data Fusion Based on Belief Functions and Possibility Theory: Close Range Antipersonnel Mine Detection and Remote Sensing Mined Area Reduction

Two main humanitarian mine action types may benefit from multi-sensor data fusion techniques: 1) close range antipersonnel (AP) mine detection and 2) mined area reduction. Data fusion for these two applications is presented here. Close range detection consists of detection of (sub-)surface anomalies that may be related to the presence of mines (e.g., detection of metals using a metal detector, or detection of temperature differences using an infrared camera) and/or detection of explosive materials. Area reduction consists in identifying the mine-free areas out of the mine-suspected areas. For both close range detection and area reduction, efficient modeling and fusion of extracted features can improve the reliability and quality of single-sensor based processing (Acheroy, 2003). However, due to a huge variety of scenarios and conditions within a minefield (specific moisture, depth, burial angles) and between different minefields (types of mines, types of soil, minefield structure), a satisfactory performance of humanitarian mine action tools can only be obtained using multi-sensor and data fusion approaches (Keller et al., 2002; Milisavljević & Bloch, 2005). Furthermore, as the sensors used are typically detectors of different anomalies, combinations of these complementary pieces of information may improve the detection and classification results. Finally, in order to take into account the interand intra-minefield variability, uncertainty, ambiguity and partial knowledge, fuzzy set or possibility theory (Dubois & Prade, 1980) as well as belief functions (Smets, 1990b) within the framework of the Dempster-Shafer theory (Shafer, 1976) prove to be useful. In case of close range detection, a detailed analysis of modeling and fusion of extracted features is presented and two fusion methods are discussed, one based on the belief functions and the other based on the possibility theory. They are illustrated using real data coming from three complementary sensors (metal detector, ground-penetrating radar and infrared camera), gathered within the Dutch project HOM-2000 (de Yong et al., 1999). These